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Bosnian language

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Bosnian
bosanski / босански
Native toBosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia), Sandžak (Serbia and Montenegro) and Kosovo
Native speakers
2.7 million (2020)[1]
Latin (Gaj's Latin alphabet)
Cyrillic (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet)[a]
Yugoslav Braille
Formerly:
Arabic (Arebica)
Bosnian Cyrillic (Bosančica)
Official status
Official language in
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Montenegro (co-official)[3]
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1bs
ISO 639-2bos
ISO 639-3bos
Glottologbosn1245
Linguaspherepart of 53-AAA-g
Countries where Bosnian is a co-official language (dark green) or a recognised minority language (light green)
Bosnian is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[4]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
a Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet.

Bosnian (/ˈbɒzniən/ ⓘ; bosanski / босански; [bɔ̌sanskiː]), is the standardized spoken in the territry of Bosnia and Herzegovina and beyond. book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ1GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129%7Ctitle=Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe|author=Driton Muharremi and Samedin Mehmeti|publisher=Springer|year=2013|page=129|isbn=9781461467205}}</ref>

Bosnian uses both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets,[a] with Latin in everyday use.[5] It is notable among the varieties of Serbo-Croatian for a number of Arabic, Persian and Ottoman Turkish loanwords,[b] largely due to the language's interaction with those cultures through Islamic ties.[6][7][8]

Bosnian is relatied to south slavic langauges, Serbian and Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of standard Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin varieties. Therefore, the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins was issued in 2017 in Sarajevo.[9]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Vernacular literature written in Bosnian with the Arebica script was relatively thin and sparse.

  • The Bosnians' national emancipation lagged behind that of the Serbs and Croats who were recruted into the national projects of Greater Serbia and [[Greater Croatia)) respectively at the turn of the 19th centry.

The modern Bosnian standard took shape in the 1990s and 2000s. Lexically, Islamic-Oriental loanwords are more frequent; phonetically: the phoneme /x/ (letter h) is reinstated in many words as a distinct feature of vernacular Bosniak speech and language tradition; also, there are some changes in grammar, morphology and orthography that reflect the Bosniak pre-World War I literary tradition, mainly that of the Bosniak renaissance at the beginning of the 20th century. There are also loanwords from Germanic language (germanism).

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The origins of Bosnian language

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The Bosnian language, known as Bosanski jezik in its native form, boasts a rich and complex history that reflects the diverse cultural and political influences in the Balkan region. The origins of the Bosnian language can be traced back to the Slavic migrations in the 6th and 7th centuries. During this period, Slavic tribes settled in the Balkans, bringing with them the Old Church Slavonic language, which formed the foundation for the modern South Slavic languages, including Bosnian.[10]

As early as in the 1137 historical official documents indicate that Ban Boric was the first ruler of Bosnia. After his reign Bosnia as an independent state continued to exist, that was verified by the Kulin’s Ban Charter written in 1189. Then, the Ottomans ruled Bosnia from 1463-1878 and this period marked the new era in the Bosnian history. The changes in medieval Bosnian political and cultural characteristics were obvious; however Ottomans allowed the preservation of Bosnian Medieval identity and accepted it as an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. The population make up during Ottoman rule changed several times. A native Slavic-speaking Muslims community emerged and they become second largest ethno-religious group.[11]

Paleographers consider the Humac tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first document of this type of script and is believed to date from the 10th or 11th century.[10] Bosnian Cyrillic was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century.[11] It is the oldest Cyrillic epigraph found in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3] It was found in the village of Humac in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[2] It is kept at the museum of the Franciscan friary in Humac.[4] It was first noted by a French diplomat at the Bosnia Vilayet.[5]

One of the earliest written records in the Bosnian language is the Charter of Ban Kulin, dating back to 1189. This document, written in Cyrillic script, marks a significant milestone in the development of the Bosnian language. It provides valuable insights into the linguistic and cultural landscape of medieval Bosnia and serves as a testament to the region’s historical significance. Historical changes in the region further influenced language development. When Ottomans come to Bosnia in 1463 they had a great impact on the population from the social and linguistic perspectives. Over the period of 400 years rule many Ottoman words entered into dictionaries of Bosnian language. Islam that was introduced to Bosnia by the Ottomans also played a role in language development.Migration of people and mixture of different dialects as well contributed to language development and change in different directions (J. Donia, Fine, 1994). [12]

Historically speaking Bosnian language has its roots intertwining throughout political, demographical and linguistic aspects throughout the centuries on this territory. Perhaps Ottoman influences could be traced to the first official dictionary in Bosnia that was printed in early 1630s. Serbo-Croatian language was the national language in former Yugoslavia, and it was used in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This language belonged to a South Slavic language group. The Slavs came to the Balkans (or alternately known as Illyria) around the seventh century. These tribes eventually split the Slovenes to the north and the Serbs and Croats to the south (Judah, 1997). With them they brought "Paleo-Croatian" a branch of "Paleo-Slavonic" and there was very little linguistic variation (Franolic, 1984). The standard variations of the three dialects are comprehensible, however they differ slightly from each other in different aspects of accent, vocabulary, phonetics, morphology and syntax. Bosnian language during the Yugoslav time was suppressed; however after the war Bosnian language was declared as a state language.[13]

During the Austro-Hungarian rule (1878-1918), Bosnia had a unique position and was considered as a balancing Balkans country within Austro-Hungarian Empire. Benjamin Kallay, the Hungarian governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina at the time, attempted to create a single uniform Bosnian nation by uniting diverse nationalities of Serbs, Croats and Bosniacs. Due to such attempts the official language during this time was Bosnian and people declaratively stated that they speak Bosnian language. Therefore, the development of language was heavily shaped by the Habsburg Empire. [14] https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/288490#:~:text=Bosancica%20is%20the%20name%20for,Bosnian%20(Halilovic%2C%201998)

Due to the spreading of nationalism from the neighboring countries and the creation of the first unified South Slavic State on the ruins of the First World War Bosnian unifying national features including the language were greatly affected. After the First World War, Bosnia joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. During this period Serbs and Croats had upper hands in political decision-making. Later, the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes changed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Due to these changes, Bosnia as a separate unit almost disappeared. Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page). Malcolm, N. (1996). Bosnia: A Short History. New York, NY: New York, University Press



Controversy and recognition

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Before the dissolution of former Yugoslavia many debates were held among Serbian and Croatian linguists. They proposed that Serbian-Croatian language has to be separated and called either Serbian or Croatian language. Croatia was the first to make Croatian language as a state language and Serbia followed this example and made Serbian language official language of the state too. In Bosnia-Herzegovina the situation was somehow different mainly because of demographic composition of the population. Many uninformed observers would assume that Bosnian language never existed on its own and that Bosniak people just followed in the footsteps and demanded their own language based on previous decision of Serbia and Croatia. However, based on historical facts and evidences related to the history of Bosnian language linguists in Bosnia also made proposals and demands to make Bosnian language official language in Bosnia (Monnesland, 2005).[15]

Bosniak linguists also began to work on the revival of Bosnian language. For instance, “Grammar of Bosnian Language” that was published in 1890 was again re-published in 1994. In this publication there is a lot of indication that Bosnian language was not something new but it had provided permanence of a concept of independent Bosnian language. Then, many linguists related their articles to the issue of historical continuity of Bosnian language. Among them was Dževad Jahić who in 1990 wrote an article entitled On the Vernacular and Literary Language of Bosnian Muslims. In this article he argued that the name Bosnian has its historical roots and that it is not related only to vernacular language of Muslim population but that the name has its historical support as being used by all people in Bosnia. Then, the symposium on the Bosnian language was organized jointly by the Institute for Language and Literature in Sarajevo, the government of the Unsko-Sanski canton, and the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sport, and was held on September 7 and 8, 1998 in Bihac. The 1998 symposium could in this way be seen as the first Congress on Bosnian (Serbo- Croatian/Serbian/Croatian) language in its recent history (Ford, 2002).v[16]

The year 1992 was crucial to make a final decision to adopt Bosnian language as a state language when Serbs bombarded and shelled the Sarajevo National Library. Prominent linguists requested from President Alija Izetbegovic to issue an amendment to the constitution by which Bosnian language would be the official language in Bosnia besides Serbian and Croatian languages. The legaldeclaration of a separate Bosnian language occurred in 1993, when the language law declared that there was a single official language for Bosnians: "In the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Ijekavian standard literary language of the three constitutive nations is officially used, designated by one of the three terms: Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian. Both alphabets, Latin and Cyrillic, are equal”(Bugarski, 1992). [17]

The process of standardization of Bosnian language throughout its history emerged and faded however it endured the most difficult times; it was further developed and preserved its name. Despite all the outside processes the language developed and evolved into a number of directions. The process of standardization of Bosnian language started in 1992. The Bosnian language as a separated Slavic one was officially inaugurated in 1996 by publishing the book S. Halilovic “Orthography of Bosnian Language”. [18]

A cigarette warning "Smoking seriously harms you and others around you", ostensibly in three languages. The "Bosnian" and "Croatian" versions are identical and the "Serbian" one is a Cyrilic transliteration of the exact same text.

The name "Bosnian language" is a controversial issue for some Croats and Serbs, who also refer to it as the "Bosniak" language (Serbo-Croatian: bošnjački / бошњачки, [bǒʃɲaːtʃkiː]). Bosniak linguists however insist that the only legitimate name is "Bosnian" language (bosanski) and that that is the name that both Croats and Serbs should use. The controversy arises because the name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms.

The language is called Bosnian language in the 1995 Dayton Accords[19] and is concluded by observers to have received legitimacy and international recognition at the time. [20]

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO),[21] United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recognize the Bosnian language. Furthermore, the status of the Bosnian language is also recognized by bodies such as the United Nations, UNESCO and translation and interpreting accreditation agencies,[22] including internet translation services.

Most English-speaking language encyclopedias (Routledge, Glottolog,[23] Ethnologue,[24] etc.)[25] register the language solely as "Bosnian" language. The Library of Congress registered the language as "Bosnian" and gave it an ISO-number. The Slavic language institutes in English-speaking countries offer courses in "Bosnian" or "Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian" language, not in "Bosniak" language (e.g. Columbia,[26] Cornell,[27] Chicago,[28] Washington,[29] Kansas).[30] The same is the case in German-speaking countries, where the language is taught under the name Bosnisch, not Bosniakisch (e.g. Vienna,[31] Graz,[32] Trier)[33] with very few exceptions.

Some Croatian linguists (Zvonko Kovač, Ivo Pranjković, Josip Silić) support the name "Bosnian" language, whereas others (Radoslav Katičić, Dalibor Brozović, Tomislav Ladan) hold that the term Bosnian language is the only one appropriate[clarification needed] and that accordingly the terms Bosnian language and Bosniak language refer to two different things.[clarification needed] The Croatian state institutions, such as the Central Bureau of Statistics, use both terms: "Bosniak" language was used in the 2001 census,[34] while the census in 2011 used the term "Bosnian" language.[35]

The majority of Serbian linguists hold that the term Bosniak language is the only one appropriate,[36] which was agreed as early as 1990.[37]

The original form of The Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina called the language "Bosniac language",[38] until 2002 when it was changed in Amendment XXIX of the Constitution of the Federation by Wolfgang Petritsch.[39] The original text of the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed in Vienna and was signed by Krešimir Zubak and Haris Silajdžić on March 18, 1994.[40]

The constitution of Republika Srpska, the Serb-dominated entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina, did not recognize any language or ethnic group other than Serbian.[41] Bosniaks were mostly expelled from the territory controlled by the Serbs from 1992, but immediately after the war they demanded the restoration of their civil rights in those territories. The Bosnian Serbs refused to make reference to the Bosnian language in their constitution and as a result had constitutional amendments imposed by High Representative Wolfgang Petritsch. However, the constitution of Republika Srpska refers to it as the Language spoken by Bosniaks,[42] because the Serbs were required to recognise the language officially, but wished to avoid recognition of its name.[43]

Serbia includes the Bosnian language as an elective subject in primary schools.[44] Montenegro officially recognizes the Bosnian language: its 2007 Constitution specifically states that although Montenegrin is the official language, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian are also in official use.[45][46]

Historical usage of the term

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  • In the work Skazanie izjavljenno o pismeneh that was written between 1423 and 1426, the Bulgarian chronicler Constantine the Philosopher, in parallel with the Bulgarian, Serbian, Slovenian, Czech and Croatian, he also mentions the Bosnian language.[47]
  • The notary book of the town of Kotor from July 3, 1436, recounts a duke buying a girl that is described as a: "Bosnian woman, heretic and in the Bosnian language called Djevena".[47][48]
  • The work Thesaurus Polyglottus, published in Frankfurt am Main in 1603 by the German historian and linguist Hieronymus Megiser, mentions the Bosnian dialect alongside the Dalmatian, Croatian and Serbian one.[49][50]
  • The Bosnian Franciscan Matija Divković, regarded as the founder of the modern literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina,[51][52] asserts in his work Nauk krstjanski za narod slovinski ("The Christian doctrine for the Slavic peoples") from 1611 his "translation from Latin to the real and true Bosnian language" (A privideh iz dijačkog u pravi i istinit jezik bosanski)[53]
  • Bosniak poet and Aljamiado writer Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi who refers to the language of his 1632 dictionary Magbuli-arif as Bosnian.[54]
  • One of the first grammarians, the Jesuit clergyman Bartol Kašić calls the language used in his work from 1640 Ritual rimski ('Roman Rite') as naški ('our language') or bosanski ('Bosnian'). He used the term "Bosnian" even though he was born in a Chakavian region: instead he decided to adopt a "common language" (lingua communis) based on a version of Shtokavian Ikavian.[55][56]
  • The Croatian linguist Jakov Mikalja (1601–1654) who states in his dictionary Blagu jezika slovinskoga (Thesaurus lingue Illyricae) from 1649 that he wants to include "the most beautiful words" adding that "of all Illyrian languages the Bosnian is the most beautiful", and that all Illyrian writers should try to write in that language.[55][56]
  • 18th century Bosniak chronicler Mula Mustafa Bašeskija who argues in his yearbook of collected Bosnian poems that the "Bosnian language" is much richer than the Arabic, because there are 45 words for the verb "to go" in Bosnian.[53]
  • The Venetian writer, naturalist and cartographer Alberto Fortis (1741–1803) calls in his work Viaggio in Dalmazia ("Journey to Dalmatia") the language of Morlachs as Illyrian, Morlach and Bosnian.[57]
  • The Croatian writer and lexicographer Matija Petar Katančić published six volumes of biblical translations in 1831 described as being "transferred from Slavo-Illyrian to the pronunciation of the Bosnian language".[58]
  • Croatian writer Matija Mažuranić refers in the work Pogled u Bosnu (1842) to the language of Bosnians as Illyrian (a 19th-century synonym to South Slavic languages) mixed with Turkish words, with a further statement that they are the speakers of the Bosniak language.[59]
  • The Bosnian Franciscan Ivan Franjo Jukić states in his work Zemljopis i Poviestnica Bosne (1851) that Bosnia was the only Turkish land (i.e. under the control of the Ottoman Empire) that remained entirely pure without Turkish speakers, both in the villages and so on the highlands. Further he states "[...] a language other than the Bosnian is not spoken [in Bosnia], the greatest Turkish [i.e. Muslim] gentlemen only speak Turkish when they are at the Vizier".[60]
  • Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, a 19th-century Croatian writer and historian, stated in his work Putovanje po Bosni (Travels into Bosnia) from 1858, how the 'Turkish' (i.e. Muslim) Bosniaks, despite converting to the Muslim faith, preserved their traditions and the Slavic mood, and that they speak the purest variant of the Bosnian language, by refusing to add Turkish words to their vocabulary.[61]

Differences between Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian

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Main article: Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
See also: Serbo-Croatian phonology and Serbo-Croatian grammar

The differences between the Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian literary standards are minimal. Although Bosnian employs more Turkish, Persian, and Arabic loanwords—commonly called orientalisms—mainly in its spoken variety due to the fact that most Bosnian speakers are Muslims, it is still very similar to both Serbian and Croatian in its written and spoken form.[62] "Lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding between the ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible."[63]

The Bosnian language, as a new normative register of the Shtokavian dialect, was officially introduced in 1996 with the publication of Pravopis bosanskog jezika in Sarajevo. According to that work, Bosnian differed from Serbian and Croatian on some main linguistic characteristics, such as: sound formats in some words, especially "h" (kahva versus Serbian kafa); substantial and deliberate usage of Oriental ("Turkish") words; spelling of future tense (kupit ću) as in Croatian but not Serbian (kupiću) (both forms have the same pronunciation).[64][better source needed] 2018, in the new issue of Pravopis bosanskog jezika, words without "h" are accepted due to their prevalence in language practice.[65]

Sample text

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Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian, written in the Cyrillic script:[66]

Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свијешћу и треба да једно према другоме поступају у духу братства.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian, written in the Latin alphabet:[67]

Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:[68]

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Cyrillic is an officially recognized alphabet, but in practice it is mainly used in Republika Srpska, whereas in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina mainly Latin is used.[2]
  2. ^ Further information: List of Serbo-Croatian words of Turkish origin

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bosnian at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Alexander 2006, pp. 1–2.
  3. ^ "Language and alphabet Article 13". Constitution of Montenegro. WIPO. 19 October 2007. Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.
  4. ^ "World Atlas of Languages: Bosnian". en.wal.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  5. ^ Tomasz Kamusella (15 January 2009). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-55070-4. In addition, today, neither Bosniaks nor Croats, but only Serbs use Cyrillic in Bosnia.
  6. ^ Algar, Hamid (2 July 1994). Persian Literature in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Oxford. pp. 254–68. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. p. 111.
  8. ^ Balić, Smail (1992). Das unbekannte Bosnien: Europas Brücke zur islamischen Welt. Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Bohlau. p. 526.
  9. ^ Nosovitz, Dan (11 February 2019). "What Language Do People Speak in the Balkans, Anyway?". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  10. ^ A. Mulalić, A. Akbarov, Historical And Socio-Political Features Of Language In Bosnia And Herzegovina Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi / 2012-2 (Temmuz-Aralık) (Balkan Özel Sayısı-II), s.22-28
  11. ^ A. Mulalić, A. Akbarov, Historical And Socio-Political Features Of Language In Bosnia And Herzegovina Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi / 2012-2 (Temmuz-Aralık) (Balkan Özel Sayısı-II), s.22-28
  12. ^ A. Mulalić, A. Akbarov, Historical And Socio-Political Features Of Language In Bosnia And Herzegovina Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi / 2012-2 (Temmuz-Aralık) (Balkan Özel Sayısı-II), s.22-28
  13. ^ A. Mulalić, A. Akbarov, Historical And Socio-Political Features Of Language In Bosnia And Herzegovina Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi / 2012-2 (Temmuz-Aralık) (Balkan Özel Sayısı-II), s.22-28
  14. ^ Footnote:
  15. ^ A. Mulalić, A. Akbarov, Historical And Socio-Political Features Of Language In Bosnia And Herzegovina Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi / 2012-2 (Temmuz-Aralık) (Balkan Özel Sayısı-II), s.22-28
  16. ^ A. Mulalić, A. Akbarov, Historical And Socio-Political Features Of Language In Bosnia And Herzegovina Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi / 2012-2 (Temmuz-Aralık) (Balkan Özel Sayısı-II), s.22-28
  17. ^ A. Mulalić, A. Akbarov, Historical And Socio-Political Features Of Language In Bosnia And Herzegovina Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi / 2012-2 (Temmuz-Aralık) (Balkan Özel Sayısı-II), s.22-28
  18. ^ A. Mulalić, A. Akbarov, Historical And Socio-Political Features Of Language In Bosnia And Herzegovina Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi / 2012-2 (Temmuz-Aralık) (Balkan Özel Sayısı-II), s.22-28
  19. ^ Alexander 2006, p. 409.
  20. ^ Greenberg, Robert D. (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780191514555.
  21. ^ "ISO 639-2 Registration Authority". Library of Congress.
  22. ^ Sussex, Roland (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76. ISBN 0-521-22315-6.
  23. ^ "Bosnian". Glottolog.
  24. ^ "Bosnian". Ethnologue.
  25. ^ Bernard Comrie (ed.): The World's Major Languages. Second Edition. Routledge, New York/London, 2009
  26. ^ "Spring 2016 Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian W1202 section 001". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2016-01-28.
  27. ^ "BCS 1133 – Continuing Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian I – Acalog ACMS™". Cornell University.
  28. ^ "Courses". University of Chicago.
  29. ^ "Bosnian Croatian Serbian". University of Washington. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
  30. ^ "Why Study Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian (BCS) with the KU Slavic Department?". University of Kansas. 2012-12-18.
  31. ^ "Institut für Slawistik » Curricula". University of Vienna.
  32. ^ "Bosnisch/Kroatisch/Serbisch". University of Graz. Archived from the original on 2016-07-03. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
  33. ^ "Slavistik – Bosnisch-Kroatisch-Montenegrinisch-Serbisch". University of Trier. 28 July 2015.
  34. ^ "13. Stanovništvo prema materinskom jeziku, po gradovima/općinama, popis 2001". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2001. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2002.
  35. ^ "3. Stanovništvo prema materinskom jeziku – detaljna klasifikacija – popis 2011". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
  36. ^ "[Projekat Rastko] Odbor za standardizaciju srpskog jezika". rastko.rs.
  37. ^ Svein Mønnesland, »Language Policy in Bosnia-Herzegovina« (pp 135–155). In: Language : Competence–Change–Contact = Sprache : Kompetenz – Kontakt – Wandel, edited by: Annikki Koskensalo, John Smeds, Rudolf de Cillia, Ángel Huguet; Berlin; Münster : Lit Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-643-10801-2, p. 143. "Already in 1990 the Committee for the Serbian language decided that only the term 'Bosniac language' should be used officially in Serbia, and this was confirmed in 1998."
  38. ^ "Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina". High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on 1 March 2002. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  39. ^ Decision on Constitutional Amendments in the Federation, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, archived from the original on May 13, 2002, retrieved January 19, 2014
  40. ^ Washington Agreement (PDF), retrieved January 19, 2014
  41. ^ "The Constitution of the Republika Srpska". U.S. English Foundation Research. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  42. ^ "Decision on Constitutional Amendments in Republika Srpska". High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  43. ^ Greenberg, Robert David (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration. Oxford University Press. pp. 156. ISBN 0-19-925815-5.
  44. ^ Rizvanovic, Alma (2 August 2005). "Language Battle Divides Schools". Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  45. ^ "Vlada Crne Gore". Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-03-18. See Art. 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Montenegro, adopted on 19 October 2007, available at the website of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Montenegro
  46. ^ "Crna Gora dobila novi Ustav". Cafe del Montenegro. 20 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-21. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  47. ^ a b Muhsin Rizvić (1996). Bosna i Bošnjaci: Jezik i pismo (PDF). Sarajevo: Preporod. p. 6.
  48. ^ Aleksandar Solovjev, Trgovanje bosanskim robljem do god. 1661. - Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, N. S., 1946, 1, 151.
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Sources and further reading

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Bosnian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Bosnian.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bosnian language.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Bosnian proverbs.
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